(2001), “A plague on both parties: substance and fairness in TV election news,” The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol. (2007), “Perceptions of political bias in the headlines of two major news organizations,” International Journal of Press & Politics, Vol. Morris, “The Fox News factor,” Harvard International Journal of Press & Politics, Vol. There are studies detecting or failing to detect some political parallelism in the media systems of the US, the UK, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Argentina, Chile, Japan, Poland, and Mali (Myers, 1998).įor the US, see Jonathan S. Simonson (Eds.), Mass Communication and American Social Thought (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004), p. Hutchins Commission, “The requirements” in J. Wolfgang Donsbach, “Media thrust in the German Bundestag election, 1994: News values and professional norms in political communication,” Political Communication, Vol. 117) In other words, Page somewhat moderates his stance on the issue of internal pluralism: In this modified version, internal pluralism is required of major individual outlets, especially if they are practically unchallenged on some issues, as was the case with the New York Times on foreign policy issues.ġ0. Although Page goes on to criticize the New York Times op‐ed pages for failing to display internal pluralism, he makes it clear that he makes this criticism because the New York Times, along with the Washington Post, is an authoritative voice in many policy issues and have considerable impact upon the rest of the media.

Page, Who Deliberates? Mass Media in Modern Democracy (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996), p. (Reprinted from Journal of Communication, 35, 1985.)ħ. Semetko (Eds.), The Media, Journalism and Democracy (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 2000), pp. media: Supermarket or assembly line?” in Margaret Scammell and Holli A. The periods I use are as follows: 1– Until the First Constitutional Period (–1876), 2 – First Constitutional Period and the Reign of Abdulhamid II (1876–1908), 3 – Second Constitutional Period (1908–18), 4 – War of Independence (1918–23), 5 – Early Republican Era (1923–31), 6 – One‐Party Rule (1931–46), 7 – Transition to Democracy (1946–50), 8 – DP Governments (1950–60), 9 – 1960s The Beginning of Class Politics (1961–71), 10 – 1970s Left‐Right Polarization (1973–80), 11 – ANAP Governments (1983–91), 12 – 1990s The Era of Coalitions (1991–2002).Ħ. Colin Seymour‐Ure, The Political Impact of Mass Media (London: Constable, 1974).ĥ.

Hallin and Paolo Mancini, Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p.

Abdülhamit Gerçeği by Orhan Koloğlu